{"id":2938,"date":"2025-09-17T14:37:55","date_gmt":"2025-09-17T14:37:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/nao-categorizado\/a-climate-dialogue-between-international-courts-a-snapshot-of-the-icj-and-i-a-court-h-r-advisory-opinions\/"},"modified":"2025-09-19T19:58:00","modified_gmt":"2025-09-19T19:58:00","slug":"a-climate-dialogue-between-international-courts-a-snapshot-of-the-icj-and-i-a-court-h-r-advisory-opinions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/a-climate-dialogue-between-international-courts-a-snapshot-of-the-icj-and-i-a-court-h-r-advisory-opinions\/","title":{"rendered":"A Climate Dialogue Between International Courts:  A Snapshot of the ICJ and I\/A Court H.R. Advisory Opinions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2938\" class=\"elementor elementor-2938 elementor-2759\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true}}\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"aux-parallax-section elementor-element elementor-element-916e9d4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"916e9d4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61029a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61029a2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddb12ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-aux_post_title\" data-id=\"ddb12ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"aux_post_title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/a-climate-dialogue-between-international-courts-a-snapshot-of-the-icj-and-i-a-court-h-r-advisory-opinions\/\">A Climate Dialogue Between International Courts:  A Snapshot of the ICJ and I\/A Court H.R. Advisory Opinions<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d83485 elementor-widget elementor-widget-aux_post_info\" data-id=\"6d83485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"aux_post_info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-5760e72\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-user\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNikki Reisch \t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-2b2b6bd\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-user\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuisa Fernanda Gomez\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-da5c39c\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"far fa-calendar-alt\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tsetembro 17, 2025\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ede58d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ede58d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70bcab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70bcab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For the first time, international courts are speaking with one voice: governments cannot ignore the climate emergency\u2014and the fossil fuels driving it\u2014 without violating human rights. Two of the world\u2019s most powerful courts have, within weeks of each other, delivered landmark rulings that cement climate change as a human rights issue under international law.<\/p><p><strong><em>From scientific consensus to judicial consensus on climate <\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Together, the advisory opinions on climate change from the <a href=\"https:\/\/jurisprudencia.corteidh.or.cr\/en\/vid\/1084981967\">Inter-American Court of Human Rights<\/a> (I\/A Court H.R.) and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">International Court of Justice<\/a> (ICJ), both grounded in the undeniable science, joined the growing judicial consensus on the legal bases for climate action and climate justice.\u00a0<\/p><p>In July 2025, the I\/A Court H.R. and ICJ issued back-to-back rulings affirming that climate change impairs the enjoyment of human rights (I\/A Court H.R. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">90, 118, 377, 393-457<\/a>; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">73, 376, 386<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">, 403<\/a>), implicating well-established obligations under international human rights law to prevent and remedy harm, and reasserting States\u2019 legal duties in the face of the escalating climate emergency.<\/p><p>The ICJ\u2019s attention to human rights \u2013 relatively rare (<a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.columbia.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1250&amp;context=sabin_climate_change\">pp.130-31<\/a>) in the jurisprudence of a Court focused primarily on inter-State relations \u2013 validates the centrality of human rights duties to climate action and accountability, elevating the I\/A Court H.R.\u2019s pronouncements and situating them solidly in the corpus of climate law.\u00a0<\/p><p>Even without any formal exchange between the judges, their climate advisory opinions constitute a judicial dialogue \u2013 a conversation not only across international institutions, but also with the myriad domestic tribunals called upon to apply the law to the inescapable facts of climate change, its known causes and its escalating consequences.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>Neither the I\/A Court H.R.\u2019s opinion nor that of the ICJ came in a judicial vacuum. They followed the first climate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.itlos.org\/fileadmin\/itlos\/documents\/cases\/31\/Advisory_Opinion\/C31_Adv_Op_21.05.2024_orig.pdf\">advisory opinion<\/a> issued by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in May 2024, which concluded that States must prevent, reduce, and control anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a form of marine pollution. They also had the benefit of the European Court of Human Rights\u2019 (ECHR\u2019s) inaugural climate decision in 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#%7B%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-233206%22%5D%7D\"><em>KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland<\/em><\/a>, which held that insufficient climate action violates human rights. This<em> triptych<\/em> of advisory opinions, which provide authoritative international interpretations of binding climate duties, soon may be joined by a fourth, <a href=\"https:\/\/africaclimateplatform.com\/\">requested<\/a> from the African Court on Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights (ACHPR).<\/p><p><strong><em>International opinions, global impacts<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>The climate advisory opinions have already been cited in pleadings in ongoing cases and will continue to guide the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/granthaminstitute\/publication\/global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2025-snapshot\/\">rising tide<\/a> of climate litigation around the world. But their influence does not stop there; they also have the power to shift policymaking at the domestic and international levels.<\/p><p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Past advisory opinions have had significant political and legal impacts. For example, the ICJ\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/95\"><em>nuclear weapons advisory opinion<\/em><\/a> shaped the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/j\/rbpi\/a\/RwfcjfkVf8rCGNXdGjM9fbk\/?lang=en\">subsequent negotiations<\/a> of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, while its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/169\"><em>Chagos<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/169\"><em>advisory opinion<\/em><\/a> set out the legal imperative for the United Kingdom to return the Chagos Islands to Mauritius after years of colonial rule, which the UK subsequently <a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2024\/10\/1155326\">did<\/a>. The I\/A Court H.R.\u2019s advisory opinions likewise have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/american-journal-of-international-law\/article\/compliance-with-advisory-opinions-in-the-interamerican-human-rights-system\/B757807FA978CD76FBA5D4856EC3B421\">influenced<\/a> domestic policy-making and litigation, as well as contentious cases before other human rights bodies. In <em>Sacchi et al. v Argentina et al. <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/climatecasechart.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/non-us-case-documents\/2021\/20211008_Communication-No.-1042019-Argentina-Communication-No.-1052019-Brazil-Communication-No.-1062019-France-Communication-No.-1072019-Germany-Communication-No.-1082019-Turkey_decision-4.pdf\">10.5<\/a>), for example, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child took note of the I\/A Court H.R.\u2019s Advisory Opinion <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_23_ing.pdf\">OC-23\/17<\/a> on the environment and human rights in considering claims that the inadequacy of States\u2019 climate action violated the rights of youth.<\/p><p><strong><em>Distinct advisory authorities, complementary conclusions<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>With distinct jurisdictions, each international court enriches the understanding of the legal obligations implicated by the climate crisis. Among the five international courts with advisory jurisdiction \u2014 ITLOS, ICJ, I\/A Court H.R., ACHPR, and ECHR \u2014 the ICJ has the broadest authority, derived from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/charter-of-the-united-nations#Chapter14\">Charter of the United Nations<\/a>, to address any legal question and to draw on all relevant sources of international law, both customary and treaty-based. That mandate endows the ICJ\u2019s opinions with uniquely wide-ranging application.<\/p><p>In contrast, the principal competence of the I\/A Court H.R is the interpretation of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). However, the I\/A Court H.R. is also authorized to interpret \u201cother treaties concerning the protection of human rights in the American states,\u201d which can include (i) human rights treaties adopted by the Organization of American States (OAS), (ii) non-regional human rights treaties ratified by the American States, and (iii) any provisions dealing with the protection of human rights included in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_01_ing1.pdf\">any international treaty<\/a> applicable in the American States. That means the legal guidelines articulated by the I\/A Court H.R in its recent climate opinion set out the obligations not only of States Parties to the ACHR but all OAS member states (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">41<\/a>). The opinions also carry persuasive weight before other regional bodies, such as those of the African human rights system, which have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/372976434_In_someone_else's_words_Judicial_borrowing_and_the_semantic_authority_of_the_African_Court_of_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights\">drawn on<\/a> Inter-American jurisprudence in their own deliberations.<\/p><p>These differences between the courts make the consistencies across their advisory opinions all the more striking. Far from the fragmentation or conflicting interpretations some feared when the parallel advisory proceedings were announced, the rulings reinforce the value of institutional diversity and complementarity.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p><strong><em>Historic participation leads to legal transformation<\/em><\/strong><br \/>The opinions\u2019 transformative outcomes can be directly tied to the peoples\u2019 movements behind them and the unprecedented levels and quality of participation they saw. The I\/A Court H.R was remarkably open, inviting not only States and international organizations, but local communities, Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendant groups, civil society organizations, academic institutions, and youth activists to join the written and oral proceedings. The Court received a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/comunicados\/cp_48_2025_ENG.pdf\">record<\/a> 263 submissions from 613 different actors \u2013 as well as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciel.org\/news\/declaration-of-manaus-iacthr-inter-american-court-climate-emergency\/\">Manaus Declaration <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciel.org\/news\/declaration-of-manaus-iacthr-inter-american-court-climate-emergency\/\">on Human Rights in the Climate Emergency<\/a>, signed by over 400 groups \u2013 and the historic hearings held in Barbados and Brazil benefited from the arguments and testimonies of some 185 delegations.<\/p><p>While the ICJ\u2019s procedure is far more restrictive, the youth movement and transnational alliances for climate justice that propelled the issue of climate change to the world\u2019s highest court influenced the formal proceedings in numerous ways. They shaped the content of arguments presented and the composition of delegations, convincing some States to convey witness testimony and include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pisfcc.org\/news\/pisfcc-president-represents-youth-voices-at-the-international-court-of-justice\">youth representatives<\/a>. The nature of the participation transformed the tenor of the oral hearings, which saw interventions by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-pre-01-00-en.pdf\">over 100 States and international organizations<\/a> throughout ten days, including many appearing before the Court for the first time. More profoundly, it marked a shift in perspectives on, and the practice of, international law at the Court and beyond.<\/p><p>This robust engagement not only enhanced the legitimacy and authority of the climate advisory proceedings in both courts; it also enriched their analyses and fundamentally strengthened their conclusions.<\/p><p><strong><em>Points of convergence and complementarity<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><strong>The advisory opinions put to rest the notion that the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement are merely voluntary commitments with no teeth.<\/strong> These climate agreements impose binding and enforceable obligations that require countries to reduce GHG emissions rapidly and with progressively more ambition. Far from entirely discretionary undertakings, mitigation measures must be: capable of limiting temperature rise to 1.5\u00b0C (which the ICJ affirms as the scientifically based legally binding global temperature goal); in line with science; according to States\u2019 historical responsibilities and current capabilities; and consistent with their other international duties (I\/A Court H.R.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">128, 323-37<\/a>; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">213, 236, 241-49, 268-70<\/a>). <strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Reading the climate treaties in light of concurrent human rights obligations, both courts affirm that the required climate action must meet substantive standards sufficient to protect human rights from climate harm.<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>While the climate treaties require far more than polluting countries contend, they are far from the only source of climate obligations. <\/strong>The ICJ squarely dismisses the notion that climate treaties are \u201c<em>lex spexialis<\/em>\u201d with respect to either States\u2019 primary duties or the rules governing their responsibility for breaches (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">164-71, 418-<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">20<\/a>). Climate duties neither start nor end with the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement, and, as ITLOS said, complying with Paris does not discharge all of a State\u2019s climate obligations (ITLOS <a href=\"https:\/\/www.itlos.org\/fileadmin\/itlos\/documents\/cases\/31\/Advisory_Opinion\/C31_Adv_Op_21.05.2024_orig.pdf\">223-24<\/a>; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">314-315<\/a>). Both the I\/A Court H.R. and ICJ root the legal duties to prevent and remedy climate harm in multiple sources of law, including longstanding treaty-based and customary human rights and environmental law, which the ICJ made clear were <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.law.columbia.edu\/climatechange\/2025\/08\/01\/human-rights-in-the-icjs-climate-opinion-a-comparative-evaluation\/\">not displaced<\/a> by the climate treaties. Instead, they inform how those agreements must be interpreted and implemented (I\/A Court H.R. 324-335; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">404<\/a> ).<\/p><p><strong>The courts\u2019 reliance on customary international law, which binds all States, broadens the applicability of their conclusions beyond the parties to any particular convention or treaty<\/strong>. The longstanding duty to prevent significant transboundary environmental harm \u2014which the I\/A Court H.R. likens to the duty to prevent human rights violations\u2014 (I\/A Court H.R. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">275-78<\/a>; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">132-39; 440<\/a>) and the duty to cooperate (I\/A Court H.R., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">149, 247-65<\/a>; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">140-42<\/a>) are among the most important customary rules invoked by both courts. The I\/A Court H.R. goes so far as to declare the prohibition on generating irreversible damage to the environment \u201c<em>jus cogens<\/em>,\u201d a peremptory norm that cannot be set aside and that all States must follow (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">287-294<\/a>), suggesting that conduct known to cause such damage, like fossil fuel expansion, must cease. The ICJ, in turn, emphasizes the <em>erga omnes<\/em> nature of climate obligations, meaning that they are owed to the international community as a whole, and are enforceable by all States (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">439- 440<\/a>).\u00a0<\/p><p>Grounding climate obligations in different bodies of law, from environmental and human rights treaties to customary principles, opens the door to both inter-state cases and claims by individuals and communities on human rights grounds.<\/p><p><strong>Such claims are likely to increase, because, as both courts recognize, climate change puts all human rights at risk <\/strong>(I\/A Court H.R.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">90, 118<\/a>; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">73, 376, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">386<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">, 403<\/a>). Whereas the ICJ\u2019s analysis remains general, the I\/A Court H.R. paints a picture of climate harm in the region, highlighting its disproportionate impacts on those in vulnerable situations (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">104-119<\/a>) and identifying corresponding protections owed to them. Crucially, both courts affirm the right to a healthy environment as fundamental to the enjoyment of other rights (I\/A Court H.R. 377; ICJ 393) and threatened by climate change. Although the ICJ stops short of opining on the customary status of that right (as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-11-en.pdf\">Judges Aurescu<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-12-en.pdf\">Tladi<\/a> lament in separate opinions), the I\/A Court H.R. \u00a0expounds its content and derives from it the right to a healthy climate (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">298-304<\/a>). Unpacking what the different rights at stake require, including economic, social, and cultural rights, the I\/A Court H.R. consolidates a robust framework for access rights (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">488<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">-560<\/a>), and articulates a special duty of protection owed to environmental defenders (566-67). For the first time at the international level, the I\/A Court H.R. \u00a0also identifies Nature as a subject of rights (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">279-286<\/a>).<\/p><p><strong>States must use all means at their disposal to protect human rights from climate harm. <\/strong>Both courts emphasize that the due diligence necessary to satisfy preventive obligations requires regulation of business conduct (I\/A Court H.R. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">321-22<\/a>; ICJ<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\"> 428<\/a>) \u2013 including emitting activities and disinformation (I\/A Court H.R <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">524-29<\/a>) or other obstruction of climate action (I\/A Court H.R. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">347<\/a>). But the I\/A Court H.R. goes further, recognizing disinformation as a key social driver of climate change and outlining State obligations to combat it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">488-529<\/a>)<strong>. <\/strong>Significantly, the I\/A Court H.R. adds that businesses also have independent obligations under human rights law to ensure their activities do not contribute to climate-related human rights violations and when they do, must take steps to remedy resulting harm (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">345-46<\/a>).<\/p><p><strong>Fulfilling climate obligations means phasing out fossil fuels. <\/strong>Although both courts recognized the scientific reality that fossil fuels are the primary driver of the anthropogenic GHG emissions causing climate change (I\/A Court H.R. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">47<\/a>; ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">72, 81, 85<\/a>), and the need to regulate their activities (I\/A Court H.R. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">350-53<\/a>), the ICJ further put fossil fuel producers on notice, by naming that the failure to protect the climate system from \u201cfossil fuel production, fossil fuel consumption, the granting of fossil fuel exploration licenses or the provision of fossil fuel subsidies,\u201d may \u201cconstitute an internationally wrongful act which is attributable to that State\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">427<\/a>). Such wrongful acts carry legal consequences, including the duties to cease the breaching conduct, provide guarantees of non-repetition, and provide full reparations for resulting injuries. As the ICJ said, cessation of a wrongful act may require the revocation of administrative, legislative, and other measures (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">447<\/a>), which in the case of fossil fuels may mean revoking licenses, subsidies, or other permissions that support fossil fuel production and use.<\/p><p><strong>Read together, the opinions solidify the bases for remedy and reparation of climate harm under both the law of State responsibility <\/strong>(ICJ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">420<\/a>)<strong> and human rights law <\/strong>(I\/A Court H.R. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">556-59<\/a>). On the substantive scope of climate justice, the ICJ invokes \u201cthe entire panoply of legal consequences provided for under the law of State responsibility\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">445<\/a>), which largely parallels the range of redress measures the I\/A Court H.R. lists, citing its reparations jurisprudence (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteidh.or.cr\/docs\/opiniones\/seriea_32_en.pdf\">556-559<\/a>). The I\/A Court H.R also addresses procedural dimensions, including access to justice, and the ICJ opines that States may be required to reduce their GHG emissions as a duty of cessation and guarantees of non-recurrence (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/187\/187-20250723-adv-01-00-en.pdf\">447-56<\/a>). But neither court addresses climate reparations <em>in concreto,<\/em> leaving the promise of their conclusions to be tested another day.<\/p><p><strong><em>What comes next?<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>The climate advisory opinions are poised to jumpstart stalled international climate negotiations and resuscitate listless national climate policies that continually fail to meet the urgency of the moment, in line with what the science requires and justice demands. The courts\u2019 pronouncements provide negotiators with tools to ground diplomatic discussions not in political opinion but in legal obligation, and equip litigators and frontline community members with arguments to hold States and businesses accountable under both international and domestic law. Crucially, the ICJ\u2019s reinforcement of the human rights duties to prevent, mitigate, and remedy climate harm, duties elaborated by the I\/A Court H.R., opens avenues for individuals and communities to pursue climate justice and invites other human rights institutions to engage. It also makes clear that climate change is not the exclusive domain of technical experts, but the lived reality of individuals and communities around the world who are not only authorities on its impacts, but authors of its solutions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f599f5e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f599f5e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded0fb6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ded0fb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39ae07a elementor-author-box--layout-image-above elementor-author-box--align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"39ae07a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Nikki-Reisch.webp\" alt=\"Picture of Nikki Reisch \" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNikki Reisch \t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nikki Reisch is director of the Climate and Energy Program at the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0a2ef6 elementor-author-box--layout-image-above elementor-author-box--align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"f0a2ef6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Luisa-Fernanda-Gomez-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of Luisa Fernanda Gomez\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLuisa Fernanda Gomez\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Luisa Fernanda G\u00f3mez, Senior Attorney, Climate and Energy Program at the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e9d5b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e9d5b2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5495ff7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-aux_modern_heading\" data-id=\"5495ff7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"aux_modern_heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"aux-widget-modern-heading\">\n            <div class=\"aux-widget-inner\"><p class=\"aux-modern-heading-primary\">SIMPOSIO OC 32<\/p><p class=\"aux-modern-heading-secondary\"><span class=\"aux-head-highlight\">LISTADO DE ART\u00cdCULOS<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/section>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaae583 bdt-has-divider--yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-post-list\" data-id=\"aaae583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-post-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-post-list-wrap\" data-show-hide=\"{&quot;show_title&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;human_diff_time&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;human_diff_time_short&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-post-list\" id=\"bdt-post-list-aaae583\" data-settings=\"{&quot;taxonomy&quot;:&quot;category&quot;,&quot;post-type&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;order&quot;:&quot;asc&quot;,&quot;orderby&quot;:&quot;date&quot;,&quot;posts_per_page&quot;:100}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/el-derecho-interamericano-frente-a-la-emergencia-climatica-aportes-y-debates-generados-por-la-oc32-de-la-corte-idh-sobre-emergencia-climatica-y-derechos-humanos\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"El derecho interamericano frente a la emergencia clim\u00e1tica: aportes y debates generados por la OC32 de la Corte IDH sobre emergencia clim\u00e1tica y derechos humanos\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEl derecho interamericano frente a la emergencia clim\u00e1tica: aportes y debates generados por la OC32 de la Corte IDH sobre emergencia clim\u00e1tica y derechos humanos\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/la-oc-32-25-y-el-liderazgo-internacional-de-colombia-en-la-proteccion-de-derechos-humanos-frente-a-la-crisis-climatica\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"La OC-32\/25 y el liderazgo internacional de Colombia en la protecci\u00f3n de derechos humanos frente a la crisis clim\u00e1tica\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa OC-32\/25 y el liderazgo internacional de Colombia en la protecci\u00f3n de derechos humanos frente a la crisis clim\u00e1tica\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/de-que-sirve-la-opinion-consultiva-de-la-corte-idh-sobre-la-emergencia-climatica\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"\u00bfDe qu\u00e9 sirve la opini\u00f3n consultiva de la Corte IDH sobre la emergencia clim\u00e1tica?\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfDe qu\u00e9 sirve la opini\u00f3n consultiva de la Corte IDH sobre la emergencia clim\u00e1tica?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/la-corte-interamericana-y-el-futuro-de-la-justicia-climatica\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"La Corte Interamericana y el futuro de la justicia clim\u00e1tica\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa Corte Interamericana y el futuro de la justicia clim\u00e1tica\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/la-oc-32-de-la-corte-idh-en-el-contexto-global\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"La OC-32 de la Corte IDH en el contexto global\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa OC-32 de la Corte IDH en el contexto global\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/las-empresas-y-la-emergencia-climatica-un-analisis-desde-la-opinion-consultiva-32-25-de-la-corte-interamericana-de-derechos-humanos\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Las empresas y la emergencia clim\u00e1tica: Un an\u00e1lisis desde la Opini\u00f3n Consultiva 32\/25 de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLas empresas y la emergencia clim\u00e1tica: Un an\u00e1lisis desde la Opini\u00f3n Consultiva 32\/25 de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/nuevas-fronteras-en-la-debida-diligencia-reforzada-los-aportes-de-la-oc-32-25-a-la-igualdad-la-no-discriminacion-y-la-situacion-de-personas-en-situacion-de-vulnerabilidad\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Nuevas fronteras en la debida diligencia reforzada: Los aportes de la OC 32\/25 a la igualdad, la no discriminaci\u00f3n y la situaci\u00f3n de personas en situaci\u00f3n de vulnerabilidad\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNuevas fronteras en la debida diligencia reforzada: Los aportes de la OC 32\/25 a la igualdad, la no discriminaci\u00f3n y la situaci\u00f3n de personas en situaci\u00f3n de vulnerabilidad\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/a-climate-dialogue-between-international-courts-a-snapshot-of-the-icj-and-i-a-court-h-r-advisory-opinions\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"A Climate Dialogue Between International Courts:  A Snapshot of the ICJ and I\/A Court H.R. Advisory Opinions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA Climate Dialogue Between International Courts:  A Snapshot of the ICJ and I\/A Court H.R. Advisory Opinions\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/environmental-defenders-in-the-climate-crisis-reflections-on-the-inter-american-courts-groundbreaking-advisory-opinion-and-our-path-forward\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Environmental Defenders in the Climate Crisis: Reflections on the Inter-American Court&#8217;s Groundbreaking Advisory Opinion and Our Path Forward\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEnvironmental Defenders in the Climate Crisis: Reflections on the Inter-American Court&#8217;s Groundbreaking Advisory Opinion and Our Path Forward\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/beyond-words-what-the-inter-american-courts-advisory-opinion-means-for-participation-transparency-justice-and-environmental-human-rights-defender-safety\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Beyond Words &#8211; What the Inter-American Court\u2019s Advisory Opinion Means for Participation, Transparency, Justice, and Environmental Human Rights Defender Safety\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBeyond Words &#8211; What the Inter-American Court\u2019s Advisory Opinion Means for Participation, Transparency, Justice, and Environmental Human Rights Defender Safety\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/from-climate-science-to-climate-justice-the-mandatory-inclusion-of-climate-considerations-in-environmental-impact-assessments-and-its-connection-to-enhanced-due-diligence\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"From Climate Science to Climate Justice: The Mandatory Inclusion of Climate Considerations in Environmental Impact Assessments and Its Connection to Enhanced Due Diligence\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFrom Climate Science to Climate Justice: The Mandatory Inclusion of Climate Considerations in Environmental Impact Assessments and Its Connection to Enhanced Due Diligence\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/entrevista-a-patricia-gualinga\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Entrevista a Patricia Gualinga\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEntrevista a Patricia Gualinga\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/la-opinion-consultiva-de-la-corte-idh-un-destello-de-ecoesperanza\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"La Opini\u00f3n Consultiva de la Corte IDH: un destello de Ecoesperanza\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa Opini\u00f3n Consultiva de la Corte IDH: un destello de Ecoesperanza\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/guardianes-sin-escudo-la-urgencia-de-una-agenda-antirracista-para-enfrentar-el-cambio-climatico\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Guardianes sin escudo: La urgencia de una agenda antirracista para enfrentar el cambio clim\u00e1tico\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGuardianes sin escudo: La urgencia de una agenda antirracista para enfrentar el cambio clim\u00e1tico\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/implementar-la-oc-32-apuntes-sobre-litigio-climatico-y-control-de-convencionalidad\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"Implementar la OC-32: Apuntes sobre litigio clim\u00e1tico y control de convencionalidad\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImplementar la OC-32: Apuntes sobre litigio clim\u00e1tico y control de convencionalidad\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/la-oc-32-25-como-estandar-de-politica-para-gobiernos-locales\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"La OC-32\/25 como est\u00e1ndar de pol\u00edtica para gobiernos locales\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa OC-32\/25 como est\u00e1ndar de pol\u00edtica para gobiernos locales\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/el-reconocimiento-como-jus-cogens-de-la-prohibicion-de-causar-danos-irreversibles-al-medioambiente-en-la-oc-32-una-afrenta-al-derecho-internacional-o-una-oportunidad-para-construir-nuevos-conse\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"El reconocimiento como jus cogens de la prohibici\u00f3n de causar da\u00f1os irreversibles al medioambiente en la OC 32: \u00bfuna afrenta al derecho internacional o una oportunidad para construir nuevos consensos?\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEl reconocimiento como jus cogens de la prohibici\u00f3n de causar da\u00f1os irreversibles al medioambiente en la OC 32: \u00bfuna afrenta al derecho internacional o una oportunidad para construir nuevos consensos?\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/la-desaparicion-forzada-de-quienes-defienden-la-tierra-los-recursos-naturales-y-el-medio-ambiente\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"La desaparici\u00f3n forzada de quienes defienden la tierra, los recursos naturales y el medio ambiente\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLa desaparici\u00f3n forzada de quienes defienden la tierra, los recursos naturales y el medio ambiente\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/o-parecer-consultivo-da-corte-interamericana-uma-ferramenta-para-a-luta-climatica-e-territorial-indigena\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"O Parecer Consultivo da Corte Interamericana: uma ferramenta para a luta clim\u00e1tica e territorial ind\u00edgena\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO Parecer Consultivo da Corte Interamericana: uma ferramenta para a luta clim\u00e1tica e territorial ind\u00edgena\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item-wrap bdt-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-item bdt-flex bdt-flex-middle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"bdt-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/simposio-pt-br\/el-paradigma-del-cuidado-del-medioambiente-la-relacion-dialogica-entre-la-oc32-25-y-la-oc31-25-de-la-corte-interamericana-de-derechos-humanos\/\" class=\"bdt-link\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"El paradigma del cuidado del medioambiente: la relaci\u00f3n dial\u00f3gica entre la OC32\/25 y la OC31\/25 de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEl paradigma del cuidado del medioambiente: la relaci\u00f3n dial\u00f3gica entre la OC32\/25 y la OC31\/25 de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<!-- GRADIENT SPINNER -->\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"bdt-loading-image\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-spinner-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-circle-border\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bdt-circle-core\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>  \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<!-- GRADIENT SPINNER -->\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Climate Dialogue Between International Courts: A Snapshot of the ICJ and I\/A Court H.R. Advisory Opinions septiembre 17, 2025 For the first time, international courts are speaking with one voice: governments cannot ignore the climate emergency\u2014and the fossil fuels driving it\u2014 without violating human rights. Two of the world\u2019s most powerful courts have, within [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2938","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-simposio-pt-br"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2938","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2938"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2938\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3017,"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2938\/revisions\/3017"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2938"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2938"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opinion-consultiva-clima.cejil.org\/pt-br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2938"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}